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bureau of mines QAC^C\ 
information circular OrrOL/ 




BUREAU OF MINES RESEARCH 

AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS 

IN UTILIZATION OF SOLID WASTES 



11-C-OG3Q2 




UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

BUREAU OF MINES 
March 1970 



BUREAU OF MINES RESEARCH 

AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS 

IN UTILIZATION OF SOLID WASTES 

By F. J. Cservenyak and C. B. Kenahan 



*********** 



information circular 8460 




UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
Walter J. Hickel, Secretary 



U.^- BUREAU OF MINES/ 
John F. O'Leary, Director 



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This publication has been cataloged as follows: 



Cservenyak, Frank J 

Bureau of Mines research and accomplishments in utiliza- 
tion of solid wastes, by F.J. Cservenyak and C.B. Kenahan. 
[Washington] U.S.Dept.of the Interior, Bureau of Mines [1970] 

29 p. illus. (U. S. Bureau of Mines. Information circular 8460) 

Includes bibliography. 

1. Waste products. 2. Scrap metals. 3> Salvage (Waste, etc.). 
I. Kenahan, Charles B., jt. auth. II. Title. (Series) 



TN23.U71 no. 8460 622.06173 

U.S. Dept. of the Int. Library 



CONTENTS 



Page 



Abstract 1 

Introduction 1 

In-house research program 2 

Extraction of mineral, metal, and energy values from urban refuse.. 2 
Recovery of mineral and metal values from wastes generated in the 
industrial extraction, processing, and utilization of mineral- 
based raw materials and products 6 

Upgrading and utilization of automotive scrap 12 

Research accomplishments 16 

Urban refuse 16 

Automotive scrap 16 

Mining and industrial wastes 17 

Other activities 19 

Current solid waste research grants 20 

Urban refuse 20 

Mining and industrial wastes 22 

Bibliography 23 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

1. Commerical-size structural building blocks made from waste glass... 3 

2 . Mineral wool produced from waste glass 3 

3. Values contained in incinerator residues 4 

4. Pilot plant (1, 000-pound -per-hour) for separating metal and 

mineral values in incinerator residues 4 

5. Oversize material, including metal pieces, tin cans, and glass, 

being separated from incinerator residues 5 

6 . Crude petroleum product made from garbage 7 

7. Chemical stabilization of waste copper tailings 8 

8. Vegetative stabilization of waste copper tailings 9 

9. Structural blocks made from waste copper tailings 11 

10. Experimental smokeless junk car incinerator 13 

11. Disassembled parts from a 1961 Oldsmobile 15 

12. Bureau of Mines solid waste display 20 

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BUREAU OF MINES RESEARCH AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS 
IN UTILIZATION OF SOLID WASTES 

by 

F. J. Cservenyak 1 and C. B. Kenahan 



ABSTRACT 

The Bureau of Mines Solid Waste Program is directed toward three main 
areas of research: (1) Extraction of mineral, metal, and energy values from 
urban refuse; (2) recovery of mineral and metal values from wastes generated 
in the industrial extraction, processing, and utilization of raw materials and 
mineral-base products; and (3) upgrading and utilization of automotive scrap. 
The Bureau also has a contract and grant program which supplements the 
in-house research and aids in the training of personnel in the proper manage- 
ment of mineral- and metal-based solid wastes. 

INTRODUCTION 

The Bureau of Mines has always considered as potential resources the 
waste products and scrap generated by the minerals and metals industry and the 
consuming public. For many years, under the authority granted to the Depart- 
ment of the Interior in its Organic Act, the Bureau has been engaged in 
research to develop methods of utilizing mineral- and metal-based wastes to 
recover economic values and to alleviate the disposal problem. The Bureau of 
Mines has been a pioneer in the field of waste metals research and it has 
trained a group of engineers and scientists to cope with the wide range of 
problems, methods, and materials that characterize the secondary metals indus- 
try, but which have traditionally escaped consideration in the curricula of 
colleges and universities. The general objective in this work is development 
of new and improved technology for recovery and recycling of metal and mineral 
values from waste sources in areas where commercial methods are inadequate, 
inefficient, or nonexistent. The success of this work is evident in the accom- 
plishments achieved in 20 years of waste metals research and the more than 
100 technical publications, patents, and presentations resulting from these 
studies . 



1 Manager, Solid Waste Research Program. 
2 Staff Metallurgist. 
Both authors are in the Office of the Director of Metallurgy Research, Bureau 
of Mines, Washington, D.C. 



With the passage of the 1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act, the Bureau's 
responsibility for utilization or disposal of mineral and metal wastes was 
greatly expanded. Using funds made available under the act;, the Bureau of 
Mines was able to enlarge and accelerate its modest in-house program on uti- 
lization of mineral- and metal-based wastes which it had been conducting. 

The Solid Waste Disposal Act also allowed the Bureau to initiate a wide- 
ranging Contract and Grant Program to supplement the in-house research and 
provide training in the proper management of solid mineral- and metal-based 
wastes . 

IN-HOUSE RESEARCH PROGRAM 

Extraction of Mineral, Metal, and Energy Values From Urban Refuse 

The Bureau is directing a major research effort on development of methods 
to recover metal, mineral, and energy values from municipal incinerator resi- 
dues and raw refuse. Specifically, the program seeks to (1) develop and demon- 
strate new or improved techniques to State and local governments and private 
industry for the recovery and recycling of metal, mineral, and energy values 
contained in urban refuse; (2) reduce environmental pollution resulting from 
inadequate treatment and disposal of a major solid waste; (3) develop technol- 
ogy and provide training in solutions to problems involving the use and reuse 
of urban solid wastes; and (4) alleviate the acute problem of urban solid 
waste disposal. The principal components of the program are as follows: 

1. Emphasis is being placed on research to produce a clean, high-grade 
ferrous scrap from massive iron pieces and tin cans contained in urban refuse. 
Removal and recovery of copper from the iron and tin from the cans is the pri- 
mary objective. 

2. Techniques are being sought to separate the conglomeration of nonfer- 
rous metals contained in raw refuse and incinerator residues. Research on 
methods to separate and recover the aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, and tin val- 
ues from the nonferrous fractions are continuing. Refinement of the separate 
nonferrous values to marketable products is the ultimate objective. 

3. Reclamation of the glass fractions which are the major constituent of 
residues is being given special attention. Methods to separate clean from 
colored glass are under development. In addition, a major effort on utiliza- 
tion of the glass for products such as glass wool, structural blocks, and cul- 
let will be continued and accelerated (figs. 1 and 2). 

4. A continuous processing plant with a capacity of 1,000 pounds per 
hour has been completed and initial tests have begun. The plant is capable of 
separating and recovering the major metal and mineral values contained in 
incinerator residues such as iron, aluminum, copper, tin, zinc, lead, and 
glass (figs. 3-5). Parallel studies are also being conducted on recovering 
values from raw refuse by air classification techniques. 




FIGURE 1. - Commercial-Size Structural Building Blocks Made From Waste Glass. 





FIGURE 2. - Mineral Wool Produced From Waste Glass. 




CIRAMIC8' 



FIGURE 3. • Values Contained in Incinerator Residues. 




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FIGURE 4. - Pilot Plant (1,000-Pound-Per-Hour) for Separating Metal and Mineral Values 
in Incinerator Residues. 




FIGURE 5. - Oversize Material, Including Metal Pieces, Tin Cans, and Glass, Being 
Separated From Incinerator Residues. 

5, Research is underway on the development and evaluation of vertical 
vortex-type incinerator for combustion of solid wastes, including urban refuse 
Based on previous Bureau experience on vortex incineration, the construction 
of a redesigned version offers a promising device for incineration of combus- 
tible solids ranging from high moisture content sludges and industrial wastes 
to urban refuse. 



6. The Bureau is applying the process of carbonization (destructive dis- 
tillation) to the disposal of industrial wastes including urban refuse. This 
process involves the thermal conversion of materials into usable forms of 
solid, liquid, and gaseous products; that is, char, oil, and gas. 

7. A novel process for converting the combustible material contained in 
urban refuse, including garbage and cellulose, into crude petroleum is also 
being investigated. The process, which involves the reaction of CO plus R-, 
at 400° C and high pressure, produces active hydrogen which hydrogenates the 



organic material in the refuse (fig. 6). This study includes characterization 
of the petroleum products produced from refuse. 

8. Under a grant program, the following research studies have been ini- 
tiated at a number of minerals -oriented universities on urban refuse related 
problems : 

a. Utilization of waste glass from urban refuse. 

b. Characterization and utilization of the fine ash fraction from 
municipal incinerator residues. 

c. Technical -economic evaluation of present municipal incinerators 
and associated equipment such as air pollution control apparatus. 

d. Effect of contaminants on ferrous materials contained in urban 
refuse . 

e. Extraction of mineral and metal values from incinerator fly ash. 

f. Production of synthetic gas by subsurface disposal of urban 
refuse. 

g. Factors affecting economic recycling of mineral and metal values 
from incinerator residues. 

Recovery of Mineral and Metal Values From Wastes Generated in 
the Industrial Extraction, Processing, and Utilization of 
Mineral-Based Raw Materials and Products 

The objective of this work is the development of new and improved technol- 
ogy for recovering and recycling metal and mineral values from waste sources 
in the industrial, mining, metallurgical, and chemical processing operations 
in areas where commercial methods are inadequate, inefficient, or nonexistent. 
Successful attainment of this objective will eliminate pollution caused by 
objectionable solid waste practices and return valuable raw materials back to 
the economy. 

The Bureau's program is alined to optimization of all segments of the 
recycling process, including not only salvage and reuse but also stabilization 
of nonusable mineral wastes and devising acceptable disposal methods. The 
important elements of the program include: 

1. A large-scale effort has been made to stabilize the waste tailings 
piles that have no mineral or utilization value. Successful chemical and vege- 
tative stabilization procedures have already been developed, and large-scale 
chemical and vegetative techniques have been successfully demonstrated on cop- 
per and uranium mill tailing piles. However, much work remains to be done in 
order to develop more efficient and low-cost methods to stabilize the billions 
of tons of varied types of mining wastes that have accumulated across the 
country (figs. 7 and 8). 




FIGURE 6. - Crude Petroleum Product Made From Garbage. 




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Investigations are underway to determine the variable physical and chemi- 
cal conditions which cause spontaneous combustion in coal refuse banks. A 
Bureau of Mines -Commonwealth of Pennsylvania cooperative program to demonstrate 
and evaluate techniques and costs for extinguishing a burning coal refuse bank, 
typical of many that are burning in Pennsylvania, was started recently. 

2. Studies identifying the nature, magnitude, and significance of solid 
wastes issuing as flue dusts at steel furnaces have been initiated. Aside 
from the quantities of iron contained in these wastes, significant amounts of 
zinc, copper, lead, and other substances, originating from the scrap additions 
to the steelmaking processes, are also present. Concurrently, techniques are 
being worked on to recover and treat the dusts from steelmaking operations so 
that they can be returned to the steelmaking furnaces as high-grade iron ore 
pellets . 

3. The feasibility of utilizing abandoned surface-mined areas as munici- 
pal landfills attracts attention in the vicinity of many urban areas where 
major problems are developed by virtue of the growing magnitude of wastes to 
be handled. Means of accommodating the obstacles that preclude such practices 
in most instances are being studied. 

4. Attention is also directed toward development of new uses for mineral 
wastes such as slags, drosses, flue dusts, mine wastes, and tailings generated 
in the mining and metallurgical industries. Promising structural building 
blocks have been made from copper and gold tailings, and wall tile competitive 
with commercial tile has been made from process wastes (fig. 9). 

5. Investigations on the reclamation of high-value metals such as cobalt, 
nickel, and chromium from high-temperature or superalloy scrap are also being 
pursued. At present, much of this scrap is sold to foreign countries at a sig- 
nificant dollar loss for lack of economic processing methods. The present 
effort is directed toward development of an electrolytic fused salt method for 
recovering the values. 

6. The Bureau's research effort includes a study on development of rapid 
and simple methods of identification of scrap metals. Although this is a vital 
step in the reuse cycle and errors at this point can be serious and cumulative, 
the methods in general use are not at all scientific or reliable. Successful 
techniques to identify aluminum alloys containing manganese, zinc, copper, and 
magnesium have already been devised. 

7. Reclamation and reuse of the many types of aluminum scrap are receiv- 
ing attention. Several electrolytic techniques show promise of producing high- 
purity aluminum from a number of scrap alloys. One method produces high-purity 
aluminum and metallurgical-grade silicon from scrap aluminum-silicon alloys. 

8. The Bureau is making a major research effort to recover the valuable 
chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, and cadmium metals from waste electroplating 
solutions. A secondary but important objective of this work is the elimina- 
tion of hazardous chemicals from these waste solutions, thereby solving a seri- 
ous disposal problem for the plating industry. 



11 




FIGURE 9. - Structural Blocks Made From Waste Copper Tailings. 

9. Methods to recover and recycle the vast quantities of precious 
metals presently lost in electronic equipment from commercial and defense 
applications are being studied. It is estimated that millions of ounces of 
gold, silver, and platinum are presently lost when equipment of this type is 
discarded because of lack of effective recovery methods. Leaching, smelting, 
and electrolytic techniques are being investigated for applicability in recov- 
ering the metal values. 



10. Two projects initiated recently are aimed at the development of 
efficient methods to reclaim the ever -increasing amounts of titanium scrap 
which are presently wasted or sold abroad for a fraction of their real worth. 
One study involves the removal of contaminants from titanium scrap, such as 
chips and turnings, by methods which include pickling and attrition. The 
other involves the use of an inductoslag smelting process to consolidate non- 
contaminated and well-segregated scrap. If successful, the resulting ingot 
can be used as a consumable electrode for subsequent remelting. Methods are 
also being investigated to recover and recycle the metal values from the 
wastes produced in the production of titanium tetrachloride. 

11. Several studies are underway on the development of new and novel 
methods to utilize the vast quantities of obsolescent ferrous scrap generated 
annually. A project to utilize this scrap to make secondary pig iron is cur- 
rently being conducted. The aim of this work is to produce a specification- 
grade secondary ingot for the foundry industry. Another study utilizing 



12 



low-grade ferrous scrap as feed for electric furnaces in a continuous steel- 
making process is also under investigation. Still another research effort is 
directed toward the utilization of ferrous scrap to make high-grade iron ore 
by destructive oxidation techniques. The objective is to oxidize the scrap to 
iron oxide which can be used to make pellets for blast furnace feed. The 
Bureau-developed process for converting low-grade nonmagnetic taconite ore and 
scrap into high-grade iron ore by a roasting-reduction process is also receiv- 
ing continued attention. 

12. Research on methods to increase the utilization of secondary source 
metals is underway. The objective of this work is to encourage the use of 
waste metals in preparing commercial alloys and thereby conserve primary sup- 
plies of such critical metals as tin, copper, and nickel. One recent accom- 
plishment has been the lowering of the tin content of leaded -red brass by 
substituting zinc, without impairing the mechanical properties of the alloy. 

Upgrading and Utilization of Automotive Scrap 

A nationwide survey made by the Bureau of the autowrecking industry, the 
ferrous-scrap processing industry, and other elements pertinent to the junk 
car problem, identifies the factors that influence the accumulation and move- 
ment of automobile scrap. The information obtained in this study was used to 
prepare a comprehensive and widely circulated report entitled, "Automobile 
Disposal — A National Problem." 

It is estimated that over 7 million cars were scrapped in 1969 in the 
United States and that as many as 20 million junk cars remain in auto grave- 
yards across the Nation waiting to be reclaimed. Part of the disposal problem 
is lack of adequate technology necessary to upgrade the body steel so that it 
will meet the ever-increasing stringent requirements of the steel mills. 

During recent years Bureau of Mines efforts have been directed toward 
means of accelerating the movement of scrap in the face of changing technology 
in steelmaking practice that has tended to depress traditional markets for 
automotive scrap. These efforts have included economic and resource evalua- 
tion studies aimed at delineating factors causing and contributing to the 
scrap car disposal problem, and research studies aimed at the upgrading and 
utilization of the metals contained in this valuable resource. 

Current research efforts are concentrated on improving the technology of 
upgrading automotive and other ferrous scrap so that traditional markets may 
be maintained and new markets developed. The principal components of the pro- 
gram include: 

1. Development of methods to produce clean ferrous scrap from junk cars 
by the physical or chemical removal of nonferrous components. Part of this 
work involves construction of an experimental pollution-free incinerator 
designed to produce clean ferrous scrap by the thermal removal of nonferrous 
components. Construction of the incinerator has been completed and controlled 
burning of the cars has been started to determine operating parameters. The 
incinerator can process eight cars per hour at a controlled temperature with a 
minimum of air pollution (fig. 10). 



13 




FIGURE 10. - Experimental Smokeless Junk Car Incinerator. 



14 



2. Research is progressing on upgrading the nonmetallic and nonferrous 
reject from junk car shredding operations. A promising procedure has been 
developed which employs air to fluidize and separate the nonmetallic from the 
metallic portions of shredded nonmagnetic auto scrap. At present, many non- 
ferrous metals are not recovered from shredding operations because no practi- 
cal method has been developed to separate and recover the metals from the 
nonmetallics . 

3. Work is continuing on improved methods of recovering copper by chemi- 
cal means from electrical components of junked automobiles. Research on chem- 
ical dissolution and recovery of all nonferrous values from incinerated 
products from car scrappage operations is also being pursued. A process has 
been developed for sweating copper from copper-bearing scrap such as armatures 
by preferential melting in a molten salt bath. Tests have shown that over 

98 percent of the copper can be removed from an armature in less than a minute 
using this technique. Work is continuing on this process to develop a cheaper 
bath and to cost-evaluate larger scale tests. 

4. Studies are being directed towards effective high-temperature oxida- 
tion of ferrous scrap, including junk cars, to produce iron oxide and clean 
scrap products which can be used as a source of iron in the steel industry. 

5. Preliminary work has been started on development of an economic 
method for producing clean cast iron from scrap automotive engines. 

6. Ongoing work related to auto scrap research involves the production 
of secondary pig iron from mixed off -grade ferrous scrap, including junk cars. 

7<> Extensive studies on various dismantling procedures for scrap cars 
have been conducted. To date, 17 junk cars of various models and age have 
been weighed, dismantled, and segregated into their ferrous, nonferrous, and 
nonmetallic components in a series of time and motion studies using various 
dismantling methods including cutting torches, hand-stripping, and cutoff 
saws. A report on these studies including an economic evaluation is now 
available (fig. 11). 

8. The feasibility of recovering values from discarded automobile tires 
by treating them in a heated reactor has been investigated and shows promise. 
In one series of tests at 500° C, as much as 140 gallons of oil and 1,500 cubic 
feet of gas comparable in heating value to natural gas were recovered per ton 
of tires fed into the reactor. 

9. Considerable notice has been given to Bureau research on utilization 
of auto scrap as a reductant for nonmagnetic taconite ore. The basic idea in 
this work is to use auto scrap, as well as waste borings and turnings, as a 
reductant for presently nonexploitable, nonmagnetic taconite ores. In this 
process nonmagnetic taconites assaying about 30 percent iron are mixed with 
unburned auto scrap in ratios of about 10 to 15 parts ore to 1 part scrap. 
This material is passed through a rotary kiln at 1,000° C to simultaneously 
reduce the nonmagnetic oxide iron in the ore and oxidize the scrap iron to the 
magnetic form. The final product is a high-grade ore that analyzes more than 



15 




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62 percent iron. The technical feasibility of the process has been proven at 
the pilot-plant level. A means is being sought to engage private participa- 
tion in cooperative efforts to improve the economic feasibility of the system. 

RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS 

Sixteen Bureau reports, 14 technical journal publications, and 14 reports 
under the contract and grant program have been published since the inception 
of the Bureau's Solid Waste Research Program. In addition, numerous formal 
and informal oral presentations on the research studies have been presented at 
technical meetings across the country. The reports and presentations covered 
all aspects of the solid waste research, including junk car utilization and 
disposal, recovery of values from incinerator residues, utilization of mine 
and mill wastes, stabilization of mill tailings piles, and utilization of 
smelter dusts, slags, and drosses. A bibliography is available at the end of 
this report. 

Urban Refuse 

A processing plant with a capacity of 1,000 pounds per hour, capable of 
continuously and automatically separating and recovering the metal and mineral 
values in municipal incinerator residues, was constructed and tested success- 
fully. Methods and equipment have been developed for separating ferrous and 
nonferrous metal constituents. A clean glass fraction is also being separated 
into its colorless and colored components. Work on this project has also 
resulted in the development of the first reliable sampling methods and analyti- 
cal techniques for evaluating municipal incinerator residues. 

Several types of building products were successfully developed from waste 
glass found in municipal refuse. Structural blocks made from these wastes are 
of high quality and meet ASTM specifications for outside face brick. Attrac- 
tive white, green, and polychrome blocks were made with waste glass collected 
from a local municipal refuse dump. Efforts to produce a commercial -grade 
glass wool from waste glass have also been encouraging. The product is con- 
sidered equal in quality to commercial slag wool. 

While working on the recovery of metal values from municipal incinerator 
wastes, Bureau personnel discovered that fly ash derived from the burning of 
the waste was a potential source of silver and gold. Silver values as high as 
20 ounces per ton were found in some samples. Methods to recover the precious 
metals are under investigation. 

A novel development which could greatly aid in solving the garbage crisis 
is the discovery by Bureau scientists that garbage and cellulose can be turned 
into crude petroleum. It is estimated that each ton of urban refuse could pro- 
duce a barrel of low-sulfur-content oil by the process. 

Automotive Scrap 

Studies on dismantling and stripping procedures for scrapped cars have 
received wide attention. Hundreds of requests for information on the 



17 



dismantling time and motion studies have been received. The final report on 
this work is now available. The Industry Advisory Committee of the Business 
and Defense Services Administration on Iron and Steel Scrap Problems has com- 
mended the Bureau of Mines on its junk car research efforts. They especially 
encouraged the Bureau's cooperative effort with a private company to construct 
and operate a low-cost smokeless car incinerator. Bureau personnel are pres- 
ently operating the incinerator to gather data on costs of controlled burning 
as well as metallurgical information on sweating of zinc die-cast and other 
low-melting metals from scrap cars. 

The Ralph Stone Company, Los Angeles, Calif., under a Bureau contract, 
identified all of the copper components in automotive scrap and investigated 
the technical economic factors involved in complete removal of copper. Sev- 
eral recommendations were presented on how to improve steel scrap quality 
through better design and control of copper components. This same company 
also completed a study describing existing and projected scrap processing 
operations with respect to site selection, yard layout, availability and suit- 
ability of process equipment, material handling efficiency, health and safety, 
application of a mathematical model, and community relations. The latter 
study, sponsored by the Bureau of Mines and the Scrap Research and Education 
Foundation, Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel, has been well received by the 
ferrous scrap processors. 

A large-scale experiment by the PPG Industries, Pittsburgh, Pa., was con- 
ducted under Bureau sponsorship on the thermal removal of copper from auto- 
motive scrap. A total of 92 scrap cars were crushed and sheared for feeding 
to a 48-inch, acid-lined cold blast cupola. Sodium sulfate was used as the 
chemical addition to the molten scrap in an effort to reduce the copper con- 
tent. The results of the study indicated that the addition of such materials 
as sodium sulfate may be useful in removing copper from automotive scrap. 

Mining and Industrial Wastes 

Under the contract and grant program, the University of Utah developed 
several promising methods for utilization of such wastes as mine and mill tail- 
ings. Significant progress was made in the production of crystallized glass 
from copper tailings; a promising refractory was made from asbestos tailing 
waste; and high-quality ferrites were fabricated from mill scale. 

West Virginia University, under a Bureau grant, developed a process for 
producing rock wool insulation from coal ash slag, a waste product from coal- 
fired central powerplants. 

A patented process was developed by the Bureau of Mines for converting 
nonmagnetic taconite ores (a presently unused waste material resulting from 
mining of magnetic taconite ores) to the magnetic form by reduction-roasting 
with low-grade ferrous scrap. The iron in both the ore and the scrap is con- 
verted into high-grade magnetic iron oxide. 

The feasibility of foaming and sintering to produce a lightweight build- 
ing material suitable for both structural and insulating applications from red 



18 



mud wastes was demonstrated by the IIT Research Institute, Chicago, 111., 
under a contract let by the Bureau. The red mud wastes are residue materials 
resulting from the extraction of alumina from bauxite ores by the Bayer pro- 
cess. IIT Research Institute has also conducted a Bureau-sponsored techno- 
economic analysis of mining and milling wastes. An in-depth study of iron, 
copper, and lead-zinc ore tailings and their application for utilization in 
large volume industries, such as building products, was made. Iron (taconite) 
wastes were recommended for prime consideration at this time. 

The North Star Research and Development Institute, Minneapolis, Minn., 
conducted a study under a Bureau contract to determine the feasibility of 
using fluidized bed techniques to remove fly ash from gas streams. The study 
indicated that fly ash removal from gas streams by fluidized bed techniques 
shows promise. The study also showed that the system offers a possibility of 
a combination process to remove both fly ash and sulfur dioxide. 

In a highly successful study by the Department of Civil Engineering, 
Stanford University, researchers under a Bureau grant demonstrated the tech- 
nical and economic feasibility of producing calcium-silicate bricks from 
California gold mine wastes. A preliminary report indicated that calcium- 
silicate bricks can be produced from the tailings and delivered to the market 
areas at costs ranging from $8 to $21 per 1,000, which is below the existing 
lowest quoted selling price of standard clay bricks. 

In another Bureau-sponsored study, the Franklin Institute Research Labora- 
tories, Philadelphia, Pa., investigated the utilization of coal dust slurries 
in cement blocks. The study showed that coal washing fines impart greater 
resistance to water penetration and transmission to the block. An economic 
analysis showed that the cost of cement blocks containing the coal dust 
depends primarily upon the distance from the point of origin to the manufac- 
turer; for distances up to 45 miles, the product containing coal dust is 
cheaper than the regular cement block. 

Methods were developed by Bureau scientists to convert asbestos mining 
wastes, phosphorus furnace slags, and mine and mill tailings into raw mate- 
rials for manufacture of wall tile and construction brick. A major wallboard 
manufacturer has expressed interest in a Bureau-developed method for convert- 
ing waste gypsum from phosphoric acid manufacture into plaster. 

Bureau researchers under the Solid Waste Program were highly successful 
in stabilizing two troublesome uranium mill tailings piles. A 35-acre plot of 
tailings at Tuba City, Ariz., on the Navajo Indian Reservation, was completely 
stabilized by chemical means under Bureau supervision and a 13-acre waste pile 
at Durango, Colo., was stabilized by vegetative methods. Bureau engineers 
also advised and assisted the Kennecott Copper Company in efforts to stabilize 
a 10-acre plot of copper mill tailings at McGill, Nev., by vegetative cover. 
As a direct result of this work, the company is making preparations to stabi- 
lize a 300-acre site in the same area. The Bureau also assisted plant person- 
nel in planting seeds and chemically stabilizing 1- to 2-acre test plots of 
mill wastes of the White Pine Copper Company, the St. Joseph Lead Company, and 
the American Smelting and Refining Company. A 19-acre tailing pond belonging 



19 



to the Vitro Chemical Company was treated chemically with Bureau assistance 
and supervision. The hardened crust that formed was found to effectively pre- 
vent wind erosion and air pollution. 

OTHER ACTIVITIES 

The Bureau of Mines made a 28-minute color film entitled, "Wealth of the 
Wasteland," based on its solid waste research work. The film depicts the var- 
ious problems in solid, mineral, and metal wastes, and the steps being taken 
by Bureau researchers to solve them. The camera covers many unique shots of 
junk car processing yards and graveyards, city dumps, and piles of wastes gen- 
erated by domestic mining and milling operations. Episodes filmed at Bureau 
research centers show engineers and scientists experimenting with new methods 
to separate and recover the values in these waste products. The film also 
depicts research and development being conducted by universities and other 
non -Government organizations under Bureau-administered grants and contracts. 
Prints of the film are available from the Bureau of Mines Motion Picture 
Department, 4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213 

The British Broadcasting Company (BBC-TV) made film highlights of the 
Bureau's research on separation and recovery of values from incinerator resi- 
dues. The footage taken at the Bureau's College Park Metallurgy Research Cen- 
ter was a significant part of the final documentary on solid waste problems in 
Europe and the United States, and was shown on British television. 

The Education Division of the Encyclopedia Britannica also made film high- 
lights of the College Park studies for inclusion in a solid waste film for 
their educational film library. 

The Bureau recently completed work on a solid waste display depicting its 
three main areas of research: urban refuse, junk cars, and solid mineral 
wastes. The lighted display, which measures 20 by 7 feet high, has six color- 
ful panels showing the problems and the Bureau's research effort to solve them, 
The display features an automatic slide projector with sound and slides to 
describe the research studies. The display is available for appropriate con- 
ventions, technical meetings, and symposia (fig. 12). A model of a futuristic 
incinerator -power complex is on display in the Interior Department's Museum. 

The Bureau and the IIT Research Institute, Chicago, 111., sponsored a 
symposium on mineral waste utilization. This was the first time that a meet- 
ing of national stature was held to identify mineral waste problems coupled 
with detailed information on the utilization potential of the wastes. The 
second mineral waste utilization symposium, which will emphasize the techno- 
economic aspects of waste utilization, will be held on March 18 and 19, 1970, 
at IIT Research Institute. Thirty-seven papers on waste utilization will be 
presented. Copies of the proceedings of the first symposium are presently 
available from IIT Research Institute and copies of the second meeting will be 
available in April. 

The Bureau's work in solid waste research has been widely publicized and 
acclaimed in national newspaper and journal articles. Feature articles in 



20 




FIGURE 12. - Bureau of Mines Solid Waste Display. 

"The National Observer" and the Sunday Supplement of the Washington Star 
described some of the research studies. Articles highlighting the Bureau's 
research also appeared in Nation's Cities Magazine, Science News, Public Works 
Journal, Solid Wastes Management Journal, and the American Public Works Asso- 
ciation Reporter. 

CURRENT SOLID WASTE RESEARCH GRANTS 



Urban Refuse 

SWD-22 Characterization of Mineral and Metal 
Values in Incinerator Residue Gangue 



University of 
$20,000 West Virginia 



Objective: To characterize and classify by physical and chemical methods the 
minerals and metals in gangue and residues remaining after separation of glass, 
ferrous metals, and nonferrous metals from incinerated urban refuse. 



SWD-25 Extraction of Mineral and Metal Values 
From Incinerator Residue Gangue 



University of 
$44,288 West Virginia 



Objective: To extract, recover, and develop uses for mineral and metal values 
such as aluminum, titanium, and gallium in gangue and residues remaining after 
separation of glass, ferrous metals, and nonferrous metals from incinerated 
urban refuse. 



21 



SWD-26 Use of Waste Glass to Produce Lightweight, Stanford 

Aerated Concrete $52, 739 University 

Objective: To study the feasibility of using reclaimed waste glass from urban 
refuse to produce a lightweight building material. The study will include 
technical and economic aspects of using waste glass as the major raw material 
in the manufacture of lightweight, aerated concrete. 

SWD-27 High Pressure Forming of Waste Glass To University 

Produce Structural Elements $57, 031 of Missouri 

Objective: To provide economic and experimental evidence that waste glass 
from urban refuse can be converted, by using well-established high-pressure 
forming techniques, into usable structural elements such as rods, bricks, 
blocks, and sheeting, for use in construction of low-cost housing, roads, and 
runways . 

SWD-28 Use of Waste Glass in Expanded Shale University 

Aggregate $32, 928 of Alabama 

Objective: To determine the technical and economic feasibility of using 
crushed waste glass from urban refuse in a mixture with expandable clay or 
shale to produce lightweight aggregate. 

SWD-29 Effect of Residual Elements on Use of University 

Ferrous Metals from Incinerated Refuse $108,445 of Wisconsin 

Objective: To investigate the effect of various concentrations of contami- 
nants such as copper, tin, nickel, and chromium, in ferrous metal reclaimed 
from urban refuse. Castings will be made from typical ferrous materials found 
in urban refuse and physical and chemical tests will be made to determine what 
is the tolerance level of each contaminant metal. For example, although cop- 
per is known to have a deleterious effect on certain types of steel, it is not 
generally known what the exact cutoff point or tolerance level of copper is in 
some of these materials. Similar studies will be made on nickel, tin, and 
chromium contents of steel scrap. 

SWD-30 Production of Synthetic Gas by Subsurface Montana College 

Disposal of Urban Refuse $57 ,456 of Mineral Science 

and Technology 

Objective: To produce synthetic gas by the subsurface disposal of urban ref- 
use in order to determine the economic and technical factors affecting the 
successful application of underground disposal of decomposable refuse and the 
recovery of resulting combustible gaseous products. 



22 



SWD-31 Technical Evaluation of Urban Refuse University 

Incinerators $40,320 of Alabama 

Objective: To evaluate current urban refuse incinerators with the specific 
purpose of recommending research areas needed to effect utilization of heat 
and energy values, and for the recovery and recycling of ferrous, nonferrous, 
and mineral values from urban refuse. 

Mining and Industrial Wastes 

SWD-5 Development of New Uses for Copper and University 

Other Mine Tailing Wastes $21,670 of Utah 

Objective: To investigate the utilization of copper tailings and other mining 
waste materials to produce structural and other products. In addition to pro- 
ducing bricks and crystallized glass materials from copper tailings, the study 
is to include the development of uses for gypsum and asbestos wastes, phos- 
phate slags, and mill scale. 

SWD-11 Production of Steam Cured Building Units Stanford 

From Gold Tailings $8,000 University 

Objective: To study the technical and economic factors involved in producing 
building materials by using California gold mine tailings and lime, hardened 
by curing in high-pressure steam to form a hydrated calcium silicate bond. 

SWD-14 Use of Fly Ash as a Soil Conditioner $14,328 Virginia Poly- 

technic Institute 

Objective: To study the potential utilization of boron, zinc, and other ele- 
ments in fly ash as a soil conditioner to correct nutrient deficiencies. 
Greenhouse experiments will be conducted based on results obtained in labo- 
ratory tests. 

SWD-15 Characterization and Utilization of Pennsylvania 

Anthracite Refuse $121,602 State University 

Objective: To recover and develop potential uses for refuse from the more 
than 800 anthracite refuse banks that blanket 12,000 acres of valuable land in 
the heavily mined region of northeastern Pennsylvania. 

Total Funding--$578,807 



23 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations 3 

3860 --Examination and Treatment of Industrial Magnesium Foundry Wastes, by 
0. C. Garst, 1946. 

3874--The Recovery of Metal and Other Valuable Products From Aluminum Dross, 
by 0. C. Garst, F. Fraas, W. M. Mahan, D. D. Blue, and L. Fink, 1946. 

5181--Oxidation Rates of Molten Metals as Determined by a Recording Thermo- 
balance: Part I. Tin, by J. H. Bilbrey, Jr., D. A. Wilson, and 
M. J. Spendlove, 1955. 

5205 --Electrolytic Recovery of Zinc From Galvanizers' Sal Skimmings, by 
P. M. Sullivan, 1956. 

5786--Experimental Extraction of Strategic Components From S-816 Alloy Scrap, 
by H. Kenworthy, V. A. Nieberlein, and A. G. Starliper, 1961. 

64l7--Recovery of Zinc From Galvanizers 1 Dross and Zinc-Base Die-Cast Scrap by 
Filtration, by J. A. Ruppert and P. M. Sullivan, 1964. 

6445 --Electrochemical Recovery of Cobalt-Nickel Alloy From Superalloy Scrap, 
by M. Hayashi, D. R. Peterson, and D. W. Bridges, 1964. 

6764--Magnetic Roasting of Iron Ores With Ferrous Scrap, by M. M. Fine and 
C. Prasky, 1966. 

6869--Fly Ash As a Coagulant Aid in Water Treatment, by R. C. Ballance, 
J. P. Capp, and J. C. Burchinal, 1966. 

6884--The Use of Coal and Modified Coals as Adsorbents for Removing Organic 
Contaminants From Waste Waters, by G. E. Johnson, L. M. Kunka, 
A. J. Forney, and J. H. Field, 1966. 

6908--Experimental Studies of Incineration in a Cylindrical Combustion Chamber, 
by M. Weintraub, A. A. Orning, and C. H. Schwartz, 1967. 

6926--Laboratory Testing and Evaluation of Porous Permeable Rock For Nuclear 

Waste Disposal, by J. B. F. Champlin, R. D. Thomas, and A. D. Brownlow, 
1967. 

6987--Mine Water Research Neutralization, by M. Duel and E. A. Mihok, 1967. 

7036--Molten-Salt Electroref ining Vanadium Scrap, by K. P. V. Lei and T. A. 
Sullivan, 1967. 

3 Copies of these reports may be obtained by contacting the Publications Dis- 
tribution Branch, Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213 



24 



7042 --Recovery of Lead and Copper From Blast Furnace Matte, by D. A. Wilson 
and P. M. Sullivan, 1967. 

7075--Revegetation Studies at Three Strip-Mine Sites in North -Central 
Pennsylvania, by M. 0. Magnuson and R. L. Kimball, 1968. 

7 102 --Evaluation of Synthetic Organic Flocculants in the Treatment of Coal 
Refuse Slurries, by K. J. Miller and A. W. Deurbrouck, 1968. 

7117--Silver Recovery From Waste Photographic Solutions by Metallic Displace- 
ment, by R. 0. Dannenberg and G. M. Potter, 1968. 

7126--0xidation of Lead Blast Furnace Matte by Ferrobacillus-Ferrooxidans or 
a Dilute Acid Solution, by J. D. Corrick and J. A. Sutton, 1968. 

7140--Centrifugal Dewatering of Jamaican Red Mud, by P. C. Good and 
0. C. Fursman, 1968. 

7182 — Copper Cementation Using Automobile Scrap in a Rotating Drum, by 
K. C. Dean, R. 0. Groves, and S. L. May, 1968. 

7 199 --Laboratory Studies on the Use of Sodium Sulfate for Removing Copper From 
Molten Iron, by H. V. Makar, B. W. Dunning, Jr., and H. S. Caldwell, Jr., 
1968. 

7204--Composition and Characteristics of Municipal Incinerator Residues, by 
C. B. Kenahan, P. M. Sullivan, J. A. Ruppert, and E. F. Spano, 1968. 

7210--Removal of Nonferrous Metals From Synthetic Automobile Scrap on Heating 
in a Rotary Kiln, by G. W. Elger, W. L. Hunter, and C. E. Armantrout, 
1968. 

7213--Recovery of Hydrofluoric Acid From Waste Fluosilicic Acid, Preliminary 
Studies, by P. C. Good and J. E. Tress, 1968. 

7214 — Use of Fly Ash for Remote Filling of Underground Cavities and Passage- 
ways, by E. M. Murphy, M. 0. Magnuson, P. Suder, Jr., and J. Nagy, 1968. 

7218--Copper Removal From Steel Scrap by Thermal Treatment, Feasibility Study, 
by R. R. Brown and F. E. Block, 1968. 

7221--Beneficiation of Titanium Chlorination Residues, Preliminary Study, by 
C. C. Merrill, M. M. Wong, and D. D. Blue, 1969. 

7261 --Chemical and Vegetative Stabilization of a Nevada Copper Porphyry Mill 
Tailing, by K. C. Dean, R. Havens, and K. T. Harper, 1969. 

7264 --Extraction of Aluminum and Fluorine From Leached Potlining Residues, by 
P. C. Good and W. G. Gruzensky, 1969. 



25 



7282--Entrainment Drying and Carbonization of Wood Waste, by C. C. Boley and 
W. S. Landers, 1969. 

7288- -Chemical Stabilization of the Uranium Tailings at Tuba City, Ariz., by 
R. Havens and K. C. Dean, 1969. 

7301 — Extraction of Copper From Oxides Using Iron and Steel Scrap. Principles 
and Application to Pure Systems, by S . E. Khalafalla, H. W. Kilau, and 
L. A. Haas, 1969. 

7302--Destructive Distillation of Scrap Tires, by D. E. Wolfson, J. A. Beckman, 
J. G. Walters, and D. J. Bennett, 1969. 

7315--Ref ining Zinc-Base Die-Cast Scrap Using Low-Cost Fluxes, by D. Montagna 
and J. A. Ruppert, 1969. 

7316--Chemical Reclaiming of Superalloy Scrap, by P. T. Brooks, G. M. Potter, 
and D. A. Martin, 1969. 

7319--Selective Flotation of Minerals From North Carolina Mica Tailing, by 
W. H. Eddy, J. S. Browning, and J. E. Hardemon, 1969. 

7336--Solvent Extraction of Nickel and Zinc From a Waste Phosphate Solution, 
by H. E. Powell, L. L. Smith, and A. A. Cochran, 1970. 

7350 — Dismantling a Typical Junk Automobile to Produce Quality Scrap, by 
K. C. Dean and J. W. Sterner, 1969. 

Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 4 



7973--Iron and Steel Scrap in California and Nevada, by G. C. Branner, 1960. 

8002--Methods for Producing Secondary Copper, by M. J. Spendlove, 1961. 

8076--Processes for Recovering Sulfur From Secondary Source Materials, by 
B. K. Shibler and M. W. Hovey, 1962. 

8212--Subsurface Disposal of Industrial Wastes in the United States, by 
E. C. Donaldson, 1964. 

8243--Iron and Steel Scrap in the Pacific Northwest, by G. A. Kingston, 1964. 

8289--Iron and Steel Scrap in Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, 

Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas, by F. B. Fulkerson and H. F. Robertson, 
1966. 

8329--Iron and Steel Scrap in the Southeast, by V. A. Danielson, J. F. O'Neill, 
and H. W. Ahrenholz, 1967. 

4 See footnote 3. 



26 



8342--Iron and Steel Scrap Survey in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, 
Minnesota, and Wisconsin, by W. Pajalich, 1967. 

8344--Iron and Steel Scrap in the Intermountain and Northwestern Plains States, 
by H. J. Bennett, 1967. 

8348--Fly Ash Utilization. Proceedings: Edison Electric Institute-National 
Coal Association-Bureau of Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 
March 14-16, 1967, by J. H. Faber, J. P. Capp, and J. D. Spencer, 1967. 

8404 — Waste Disposal Costs of a Florida Phosphate Operation, by J. R. Boyle, 
1969. 

8406 --Waste Disposal Costs at Two Coal Mines in Kentucky and Alabama, by 
V. A. Danielson and D. H. White, Jr., 1969. 

8409--Pennsylvania Anthracite Refuse. A Survey of Solid Waste From Mining and 
Preparation, by J. C. MacCartney and R. H. Whaite, 1969. 

8410 — Design of Dams for Mill Tailings, by C. D. Kealy and R. L. Soderberg, 
1969. 

8445 --Impact of Technology on the Secondary Aluminum Industry, by 
D. L. Siebert, 1970. 

Bureau of Mines Technical Progress Reports 5 

9. Gold Recovery From Scrap Electronic Solders by Fused-Salt Electrolysis, 
by E. K. Kleespies, J. P. Bennetts, and T. A. Henrie, 1969. 

18. Effect of Lowering the Tin Content of Secondary Red Brass, by 

L. W. Higley, J. L. Holman, E. R. Cole, and H. Kenworthy, 1969. 

Bureau of Mines Open File Reports 6 

1. High -Temperature Alloy Scrap in California and Nevada, by G. C. Branner 

and J. W. Padan, Report No. 3, August 1962. 

2. Method for Separating Insulation From Scrap Aluminum Copper Wire, by 

P. M. Sullivan, Report No. 37, 1963. 

3. Recovery of Nickel and Cobalt From High-Temperature Alloy Scrap, by 

B. E. Barton, R. L. DeBeauchamp, and T. A. Sullivan (unpublished 
report), 1966. 

4. Laboratory Development for Process to Remove Undesirable Impurities From 

Automobile Scrap, by C. E. Armantrout, G. W. Elger, and S. C. Rhoads 
(unpublished report), 1969. 

5 See footnote 3. 

6 Copies of available reports may be obtained by contacting F. J. Cservenyak, 

Office of the Director of Metallurgy Research, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Depart- 
ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240 



27 



Contract and Grant Publications, 7 Bureau-Sponsored Work 

1. Treatment of Molten Automotive Scrap To Reduce Copper Content, PPG Indus- 

tries, Glass Research Center, Contract No. 14-09-0070-363, 1967. 

2. Vegetation and Metal Toxicity in Relation to Mine and Mill Wastes, Circu- 

lar 148, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Utah State University, 
SWD-1, 1967. 

3. Copper Control in Vehicular Scrap With Special Emphasis on Component 

Design, Ralph Stone Company, Inc., Contract No. 14-09-0070-382, 1968. 

4. Utilization of Red Mud Wastes for Lightweight Structural Building 

Products, IIT Research Institute, Contract No. 14-09-0070-386, 1968. 

5. Production of High Pressure Steam-Cured Calcium Silicate Building Mate- 

rials From Mining Industry Waste Products, Stanford University, Grant 
No. SWD-11. Part I--Program for Investigation and Report of Field Sur- 
vey of Siliceous Mine Wastes in California, Technical Report No. 86, 
1968; Part II — Preliminary Economic Feasibility Study, Technical Report 
No. 89, 1968. 

6. Removal of Fly Ash by Fluidized Bed Techniques, North Star Research and 

Development Institute, Contract No. 14-69-0070-375 (open file report), 
1968. 

7. Encased Steel Building Blocks Produced From Scrap Auto Body Sheet Metal, 

Korblock Corporation, Contract No. 14-09-0070-385 (not published), 1968. 

8. Recovery of Metal Values in Waste Electric Power Plant Lignite Ash, South 

Dakota School of Mines, Grant No. SWD-7 (not published), 1968. 

9. Techno-Economic Analysis of Mining and Milling Wastes, IIT Research 

Institute, Contract No. G6027, 1969. . 

10. Utilization of Coal Dust Slurries, Franklin Institute Research Labora- 

tories, Contract No. 14-09-0070-380, 1969. 

11. Resource Reclamation: Yard Efficiency; A Preliminary Study of Scrapping 

Processes and Site Planning, Ralph Stone Company, Inc., Grant 
No. GO180259, SWD-20, 1969. 

12. Mineral Wool Production From Coal Ash, Coal Research Bureau, West 

Virginia University, Report No. 38, 1969. 

13. Resource Recovery From Incinerator Residue, Institute for Solid Wastes 

of the American Public Works Association, v. 1 and 2, Contract 
No. GO190619, 1970. 

7 See footnote 6. 



28 



14. Use of Coal to Enhance Metabolic Treatment of Sewage, Biospherics 

Research, Inc., Contract No. HO180985, 1969, Open File Report 12-69 
(Coal Research, Bureau of Mines). 

Outside Publications by Bureau Authors 

1. Electrolytic Recovery of Zinc From Waste Materials by Use of Amalgam 

Cells, by P. M. Sullivan and D. H. Chambers, presented at the Annual 
Meeting of AIME, Feb. 25-28, 1957. 

2. Recovery of Zinc and Tin From Secondary Products (Part I), by P. M. 

Sullivan and D. H. Chambers, Metal Industry, Sept. 22, 1961. 

3. Recovery of Zinc and Tin From Secondary Products (Part II), by P. M. 

Sullivan and D. H. Chambers, Metal Industry, Sept. 29, 1961. 

4. Let's Not Overlook Salvage, by C. B. Kanahan and P. M. Sullivan, APWA 

Reporter, v. 34, No. 3, 1967. 

5. Automobile Disposal: A National Problem, by the Staff, Bureau of Mines, 

1967 (available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 
D.C. 20402, $4.50). 

6. Proceedings of the Symposium: Mineral Waste Utilization, Bureau of Mines 

and IIT Research Institute, Mar. 27-28, 1968, Chicago, 111. (a compila- 
tion of 20 papers) (available from IIT Research Institute, 10 West 
35th St., Chicago, 111. 60602, $12.50). 

7. Refuse Mulch Boosts Tomato Yield, by C. 0. Hawk, S. Freidman, E. B. 

McCullough, and T. W. Hiteshue, Coal Age, v. 73, No. 6, June 1968. 

8. An Improved Method for Separating Copper and Steel From Copper-Containing 

Ferrous Scrap, by V. G. Leak and M. M. Fine, Secondary Raw Materials J., 
v. 6, No. 7, July 1968. 

9. Recovery and Production of Alumina From Waste Solutions by Solvent Extrac- 

tion, by D. R. George, K. E. Tame, S. R. Crane, and K. B. Higbie, J. 
Metals, v. 20, No. 9, September 1968. 

10. U.S. Bureau Seeks Low-Cost Method to Reclaim Valuable Minerals, by 

C. Rampacek and P. M. Sullivan, Solid Wastes Management J., v. 11, 
No. 11, November 1968. 

11. Physical and Chemical Benef iciation of Metal and Mineral Values Contained 

in Incinerator Residues, by M. H. Stanczyk and P. M. Sullivan, presented 
at the 98th Annual Meeting of AIME, Feb. 16-20, 1969 (Preprint 69-B-54). 

12. New Approaches to Solid Mineral Wastes, by K. Dean, H. Dolezal, and 

R. Havens, Mining Engineering, v. 21, No. 3, March 1969. 



29 



13. Destructive Oxidation of Ferrous Scrap, by N. B. Melcher, C. Prasky, 

and R. Peterson, 28th Ironmaking Conference of the AIME, Apr. 13-16, 
1969, Toronto, Canada. 

14. Utilization and Stabilization of Solid Mineral Wastes, by K. C. Dean, 

R. Havens, and E. G. Valdez, presented at 16th Ontario Industrial Waste 
Conference, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, June 15-18, 1969. 

15. Reclaiming Refractory Carbides and Cobalt From Cemented -Carbide Scrap, by 

P. G. Bernard, A. G. Starliper, and II. Kenworthy, Secondary Raw Mate- 
rials, v. 7, No. 9, September 1969. 

16o Stabilization of Mineral Wastes, by K. C. Dean, R. Havens, and E. G. 
Valdez, Industrial Water Engineering, v. 6, No. 10, October 1969. 

17. Opportunities in the Production of Secondary Nonferrous Metals, by Max J. 
Spend love, United Nations Industrial Development Organization Expert 
Group Meeting on the Utilization of Nonferrous Scrap Metal, Nov. 25-29, 
1969, Vienna, Austria. 



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